![]() ( C) OmpC viewed from the top (left) and the side (right). (c) The key residues on the lateral surface of the “tip”. (b) The key residues on the bottom surface of the “tip”. (a) The bottom surface structure of the “tip” showing three small cavities, each suitable for the accommodation of one glucose moiety. ( B) The “tip” surface structures and the critical amino acid residues involved in host receptor binding. coli B and K12 strains: Glu, Glucose Hep, L-glycero-D-manno heptose P, Phosphate KDO, 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid GAL, Galactose and NAG, N- acetylglucosamin. ( A) Structural schematics of T4 LPS receptors on the surface of E. Molecular and structural insight of T4 long tail fiber interaction with host receptors LPS and OmpC. T4 phage bacteriophage (phage) machine learning phage host range phage–host interaction tail fiber tail fiber engineering tail fiber structure. Furthermore, the design strategies of tail fiber engineering are briefly summarized, including machine-learning-assisted engineering inspired by the increasingly enormous amount of phage genetic information. Structure-function knowledge of tail fibers will pave the way for reprogramming phage host range and will bring future benefits through more-effective phage therapy in medicine. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms and models of the tail fibers of the well-characterized T4 phage's interaction with host surface receptors. Recent significant advances at single-molecule and atomic levels have begun to unravel the structural organization of tail fibers and underlying mechanisms of phage-host interactions. The host range of a phage is primarily determined by phage tail fibers (or spikes), which initially mediate reversible and specific recognition and adsorption by susceptible bacteria. However, with an estimated 10 31 phages on the planet, finding the right phage to recognize a specific bacterial host is like looking for a needle in a trillion haystacks. ![]() Bacteriophages (phages), as natural antibacterial agents, are being rediscovered because of the growing threat of multi- and pan-drug-resistant bacterial pathogens globally.
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